PV = Σ CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ E[Rᵢ] = r_f + βᵢ (E[Rₘ] − r_f) WACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·r_d·(1 − T) P₀ = D₁ / (r − g) C = S·N(d₁) − K·e^(−rT)·N(d₂) EV = Σ FCFFₜ / (1 + WACC)ᵗ + TV βₗ = β_u · [1 + (1 − T)·(D/E)] PV = Σ CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ E[Rᵢ] = r_f + βᵢ (E[Rₘ] − r_f) WACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·r_d·(1 − T) P₀ = D₁ / (r − g) C = S·N(d₁) − K·e^(−rT)·N(d₂) EV = Σ FCFFₜ / (1 + WACC)ᵗ + TV βₗ = β_u · [1 + (1 − T)·(D/E)] PV = Σ CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ E[Rᵢ] = r_f + βᵢ (E[Rₘ] − r_f) WACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·r_d·(1 − T) P₀ = D₁ / (r − g) C = S·N(d₁) − K·e^(−rT)·N(d₂) EV = Σ FCFFₜ / (1 + WACC)ᵗ + TV βₗ = β_u · [1 + (1 − T)·(D/E)] PV = Σ CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ E[Rᵢ] = r_f + βᵢ (E[Rₘ] − r_f) WACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·r_d·(1 − T) P₀ = D₁ / (r − g) C = S·N(d₁) − K·e^(−rT)·N(d₂) EV = Σ FCFFₜ / (1 + WACC)ᵗ + TV βₗ = β_u · [1 + (1 − T)·(D/E)] PV = Σ CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ E[Rᵢ] = r_f + βᵢ (E[Rₘ] − r_f) WACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·r_d·(1 − T) P₀ = D₁ / (r − g) C = S·N(d₁) − K·e^(−rT)·N(d₂) EV = Σ FCFFₜ / (1 + WACC)ᵗ + TV βₗ = β_u · [1 + (1 − T)·(D/E)] PV = Σ CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ E[Rᵢ] = r_f + βᵢ (E[Rₘ] − r_f) WACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·r_d·(1 − T) P₀ = D₁ / (r − g) C = S·N(d₁) − K·e^(−rT)·N(d₂) EV = Σ FCFFₜ / (1 + WACC)ᵗ + TV βₗ = β_u · [1 + (1 − T)·(D/E)]
Capabilities

Consulting and testimony across the full trading and investment landscape.

Securities & Derivatives

Analysis of complex securities, futures, options, and structured derivative products across cash and cleared markets.

Risk Management

Evaluation of risk-management frameworks and exposure at major trading houses, investment banks and FCMs.

Foreign Exchange

Benchmark pricing, dealer conduct and market structure across the global FX marketplace.

Market Manipulation & Antitrust

Spoofing, benchmark manipulation, cornering, and competitive-pricing investigations.

Regulatory Proceedings

Testimony before the SEC, CFTC, NYSE, NFA, CBOT, CME and federal courts.

Trading Practices

Order handling, execution quality, best execution and industry-standard trading conduct.